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Can you help us improve? Resolved my issue. Clear instructions. Easy to follow. No jargon. Pictures helped. Didn't match my screen. Incorrect instructions. Too technical. Message Lexemes consent. Addressee Add Kim promised Pat to be on time. Message Msg Kim promised to be on time. Topic Top The government broke its promise about taxes. Medium Medium Kim promised in writing to sell Pat the house. General Description A Speaker makes a commitment to an Addressee to carry out some future action.

This may be an action desirable as with promise or not desirable as with threaten to the Addressee. Some of the words in this frame allow an Addressee to be expressed: You promised [me] you'd come to my graduation. With those words which allow this frame element to be expressed, Addressee usually occurs as a PP Complement headed by to or the Indirect Object of verbs: Kim made a promise [to me].

Kim promised [me] that everything would be okay. FE: Message An expression of the commitment made by the Speaker expresses the frame ele- ment Message. They threatened [revenge]. FE: Topic Topic expressions are not very frequent in this frame. They can occur with noun targets. Jo made endless promises [about working harder at school]. FE: Medium As with other frames in the Communication domain, the Medium of commu- nication may be expressed. Medium is the physical entity or channel used to transmit the Message.

Bob threatened the workers [in Spanish]. Topic Conversation. Topic Communication. Medium Conversation. Medium Description of mapping: The mapping of frame elements from communication to conversation is not one-to-one.

Conversation involves two Interlocutors, both of whom map onto both Communicator and Addressee. This type of argument structure in Conversation is inherited from the Re- ciprocality frame see below.

The frame element Message does not have a counterpart in the conversation frame. This is also due to the iterative nature of conversation: a Message may be communicated by a single turn within a conversation, but the entire conversation can only have a Topic.

Protagonist-1 Conversation. Interlocutor-1 Reciprocality. Protagonist-2 Conversation. Interlocutor-2 Reciprocality. Protagonists Conversation. Interlocutors Description of mapping: The mapping of Protagonist s to Interlocutor s is straightforward.

While the actual roles that the Interlocutors play are those of Communicator and Ad- dressee, the argument structure of conversation verbs is determined by the recip- rocal nature of Conversation. This accounts for the complexity of the mapping from Communicator and Addressee roles inherited from the Communication frame, as described above. Lexemes altercation. Kim had an argu- ment with Pat. Interlocutor-2 Intlc 2 Kim argued with Pat. Interlocutors Intlc s Kim and Pat argued.

Kim and Pat had an argument. General Description Two or more people talk to one another. No person is construed as only a speaker or only an addressee. Rather, it is understood that both or all participants do some speaking and some listening the process is understood to be symmetrical or reciprocal. FE: Interlocutor-1 In many sentences, one participant is given the more prominent grammatical function of Subject, and the other is expressed within a prepositional phrase, e.

In such sentences, the Subject in this case The President , which expresses the more prominent participant, is assigned the FE role Interlocutor The with -PP, which expresses the less prominent participant, is assigned the FE role Interlocutor Note that it is possible for a single role to correspond to multiple referents.

For example, if the prepositional object in the above sentence were plural, as in The President spoke [with his top advisors]. FE: Interlocutor-2 See Interlocutor-1, above. The President spoke [with his top advisor].

In sentences like this, the Subject is assigned the FE role Interlocutors. In such sentences, the Subject always denotes more than one person, and it is understood that the reciprocal communication takes place between these two or more people. The Subject may denote two or more people either through conjunction, as in the sentence above, or through plurality, as in [The lawyers] conferred before the trial.

In either case the FE Interlocutors is assigned. For nouns in the Conversation frame, it is possible for the Interlocutors role to be expressed by a prepositional phrase, e.

There was a brief conversation [between the lawyers]. Here between the lawyers is assigned the FE role Interlocutors. For example: The President and his top advisors discussed [the scandal]. They had a discussion [about the scandal] FE: Medium Most words in the Communication domain may occur with constituents express- ing the Medium of communication, such as the language used or the medium proper e.

The candidates debated [on the radio]. Communicator Encoding. Message Encoding. Message Msg Kim expressed the idea carefully. Manner Manr Kim expressed the idea carefully. Medium Medium Kim expressed the idea in a song.

General Description A person the Speaker expresses a Message or mental content, broadly un- derstood, in a particular Manner. The content may be emotional, as in express one's feelings , intellectual, as in formulate the idea carefully , or linguistic, as in phrase your question as a comment.

FE: Speaker The Speaker, the person who encodes the Message, occurs as the External Ar- gument of all these verbs: [The teacher] phrased the question carefully. The only exceptions occur with the verb express, which is occasionally used with that -clause complements.

The Prime Minister expressed [her sympathy for the victims]. The Prime Minister expressed that she was worried about the vic- tims. As in other frames, Manner expressions characterize the action in this case, the speech act performed by the Speaker. However, a wide range of Manner expressions occurs in this frame, including the following types: True manner You should phrase it [carefully].

Illocutionary force You should phrase it [as a question]. Purpose You should phrase it [so that everyone understands]. Kim formulated her objections [in a letter]. Communicator Gesture. Communicator Communication. Addressee Gesture. Message Gesture. Message Lexemes beckon.

Addressee Add The teacher gestured [us] into the room. Message Msg The teacher gestured us [into the room]. General Description The words in this frame have to do with non-verbal communication. Topic is not normally expressed with these words.

This seems to be related to the absence of a verbal code in cases of gestural communication. FE: Communicator This is the person who communicates a Message non-verbally. It is normally expressed as an External Argument: [The teacher] gestured us into the room. The teacher gestured [to us] to enter the room. FE: Message This is the content of non-verbal communication.

The teacher gestured to us [to enter the room]. The teacher gestured us [into the room]. Communicator Hear. Addressee Hear. Message Hear. Message Lexemes hear. Addressee Add Pat heard the news from Kim. Message Msg Kim read that the peace treaty had been signed. Topic Top Kim read about the signing of the treaty. Medium Medium Kim read about the peace treaty in the newspaper. General Description Words in this frame denote events of verbal communication, but express the Addresee rather than the Speaker as an External Argument.

Typically, it is expressed in this frame as a PP-complement headed by from : The students heard [from Pat] that class was canceled. It is expressed as an Exteranal Argument in this frame: [The students] heard from Pat that class was canceled. FE: Message The Message is the content that is communicated from one person to another. The students heard from Pat [that class was canceled]. FE: Topic Topic is the subject matter about which the Message is communicated.

The students heard something [about today's class]. FE: Medium Medium is the physical entity or channel used to transmit the Message. It is normally expressed as a PP-complement headed by on or in : The students heard the news [on the radio]. The students read the news [in the paper]. Communicator Manner. Addressee Manner.

Message Manner. Addressee Add Kim whispered something to me. Topic Top Pat was muttering about having too much work. Medium Medium The priest chanted something in Latin.

General Description The words in this frame describe manners of verbal communication. All of them can occur with quoted expressions. It is expressed as the External Argument of verbs: [The boy] mumbled an apology. FE: Addressee Addressee is the person to whom the Speaker is communicating. When ex- pressed, the Addressee occurs as a PP Complement: The taxi driver chattered away [to me] about gardening.

FE: Message Message is the content which is communicated by the Speaker. Jo stammered [that it was an accident]. Jo stammered [an apology].

The person next to me muttered something [about pride coming before a fall]. The drunk man mumbled [in French]. Communicator Noise. Addressee Noise. Message Noise. Message Lexemes babble. Message Msg Kim warbled that it was a delightful idea. Topic Top Leslie croaked something about feeling unwell. Medium Medium The two men droned on in a language I didn't know. While the verbs in Communication. Noise contains verbs which originate in the Perception domain not in the communication domain where they simply characterize sounds including sounds produced by animals and inanimate objects.

Jess screamed [at Kim] to be quiet. Kim whined [that it wasn't fair]. Jess growled at me [to get moving]. Jess growled [for me to get moving]. Jess growled [an order]. It is normally expressed as a PP Complement headed by on or in : Pat screamed something [in Spanish]. Communicator Questioning. Addressee Questioning. Message Questioning. Message Lexemes grill. Addressee Add The police questioned three people about the incident. Topic Top The police questioned three people about the incident.

Medium Medium I inquired in a low voice what had happened. General Description The words in this frame have to do with a Speaker asking an Addressee a question which calls for a reply as opposed to making a request which calls for an action on the part of the Addressee.

FE: Speaker The person asking a question generally occurs as the External Argument of verb and noun targets: [Pat] quizzed me about where I had been. However, with the verb inquire, Addressee can only occur as an of -PP and with a noun target, Addressee occurs in a PP Complement or as a possessive : Pat questioned [me] about where I had been.

My question [to you] is straightforward. Kim inquired [what I was doing]. With noun targets, Message is not common as Topic occurs more fre- quently. However, Message does occur in a PP Complement with the noun question : The answer to your question [of how the company makes money] is simply that it doesn't.

FE: Topic Topic occurs very frequently in this frame with both noun and verb targets. It generally occurs as a PP Complement: Pat inquired [about train times]. Pat's inquiry [about train times] fell on deaf ears. FE: Medium Medium is the physical entity or channel used by the Speaker to transmit the question s : Kim questioned me [over the phone]. Communicator Request. Addressee Request.

Message Request. Message Lexemes appeal. Addressee Add Pat urged me to apply for the job. Message Msg Pat urged me to apply for the job. Topic Top Kim made a request about changing her appointment. Medium Medium Kim made a request in her letter. General Description In this frame a Speaker asks an Addressee for something, or to carry out some action: The customer demanded a refund. I begged my parents to let me stay up late. FE: Addressee In this frame the Addressee can either occur as an NP Object usually with a following complement clause or as a PP Complement of verbs or nouns: The child implored [her parents] to let her stay up late.

I pleaded [with the bus driver] to let me on without paying. I made an appeal [to the passers-by] to help me. The directors requested [that Pat resign]. Pat begged them [to reconsider].

The students requested [an extension of the deadline]. FE: Medium The physical entity or channel used to transmit the Message. Frequently ex- pressed as a PP Complement headed by on or in.

The parents of the missing child made an appeal [on television]. The parents of the missing child made an appeal [in the papers]. Communicator Response. Addressee Response. Message Response. Message Lexemes answer. Addressee Add Kim answered me immediately. Topic Top He hasn't yet sent me a reply about our meeting. Medium Medium She replied in broken English. Trigger Trig Kim answered my question. General Description This frame deals with communicating a reply or response to some prior com- munication or action.

FE: Speaker The Speaker is the person who communicates the reply or response. FE: Addressee This is the person to whom the response is communicated. When expressed, this FE occurs as the direct object of a target verb, or in a prepositional phrase introduced by to : Sue answered [Bob] immediately.

Sue responded [to Bob] immediately. It can be expressed as a direct quote or a clause. Sue replied [that she couldn't help]. FE: Topic Topic occurs quite rarely in this frame and usually only as a PP Complement of a noun target: My boss still hasn't given me an answer [about a promotion].

Sue replied [in writing]. FE: Trigger The Trigger is the prior communication or action to which a response is given. Sue answered [the question]. Sue responded [to the questionnaire]. Communicator Statement. Addressee Statement.

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